tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86628411290992841042024-03-13T23:13:29.358-07:00Animal Science and Veterinary CareSheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-11665108755149205552014-10-15T05:29:00.000-07:002014-10-15T05:29:30.255-07:00Nesting Behaviour<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mother hen sits over its egg for 21 days and hatch out its chicks. Do you know it reduces its metabolic needs by reducing its feed intake. It reduces its fecal excretion also during this period so as not to contaminate its eggs. Only once or twice in a day it excretes its fecal matter well away from its brood. Before start of laying its egg it starts searching the safe place for laying its eggs. After careful selection of safe place it starts laying. It prepares its bed by using the straw or sand for placing its eggs. It turns its egg almost 90 times per day from 1 to 18 days of incubation and subsequently it does it only for 8 to 10 times a day. For the first three days it seldom gets up from the eggs as it is the most critical period for growth of chicks. The temperature requirement reduces when the incubation reaches 18 days and hence it sits over the eggs for an hour or two then roams about and again broods over the eggs. </div>
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While Ducks have lost the brooding instinct. The duck eggs are incubated by chicken if included in the brood. Guinea fowls have very good brooding instinct. It selects the safest and secure nest for laying its eggs. It sits over its egg for 28 days and bring out its keets. </div>
Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-61009151666749768272014-08-02T21:54:00.002-07:002014-08-02T21:54:45.533-07:00Dressed Chicken drug Residue<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Hindustan Times</span></b><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, July 30, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">The </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">Centre</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"> for Science and Environment (CSE) has found antibiotics in
40% of the 70 chicken samples tested from Delhi and the NCR. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Seventeen per cent of the samples tested had more than one drug, found
the CSE study, Antibiotics in Chicken. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Animals are fed antibiotics to add to growth and bulk, which causes
resistance in bacteria in animals, which then gets transferred to humans
through food. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Cooking chicken at temperatures between 70° and 100°C for at least two minutes
at the </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">centre</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"> kills most bacteria, says the World Health Organisation. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Thirty-six chicken samples from Delhi, 12 from Noida, eight from Gurgaon
and seven each from Faridabad and Ghaziabad were tested by the CSE lab for the
presence of six commonly-used antibiotics, including tetracycline and
ciprofloxacin.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Unlike in Europe, use of antibiotics in the meat and poultry in India is
totally unregulated as the government has adopted the US model of
self-regulation. “Denmark reduced use of antibiotics for chickens by 90%, but
it did not impact broiler death and productivity,” said Bhushan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Antibiotics were used as growth promoters. "The samples analysed show antibiotics are fed in low
doses over a prolonged period of time, without any disease," says Bhushan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">As Poultry Scientist we teach the poultry farmers to withdraw antibiotic and vitamin supplements in feed at least seven days before sending the birds for slaughter. It is true that we do not have good regulatory methods in India. Fortunately we Indians cook chicken over 100 deg C after </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">thoroughly</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"> washing in running water and consume. This removes even the traces of antibiotic if present. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;">We seldom eat par boiled chicken. However caution is required in consuming processed chicken. </span></div>
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Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-61468220285482422522014-07-12T06:54:00.000-07:002014-08-02T22:26:20.085-07:00Fancy Birds<b>Fancy Birds</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Many people love to have fancy birds at their homes. They keep company with households and a good past time too for them.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Rhode Island Red</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Rhode Island Red </span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Rhode Island Red is a
striking bird with the contrast between the dark red body color, black tail
with a “beetle green” sheen and the bright red comb and wattles. It is docile and has good egg laying capacity and possess tastier meat and hence an ideal backyard bird.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The origin of
the breed dates back to a fowl bred in Rhode Island in the mid 1800s; hence the
name of the breed. According to most accounts, the breed was developed by
crossing Red Malay Game, Leghorn and Asiatic stock. There are two varieties of
the breed, single comb and rose comb and to this day there is debate over which
was the original variety. <span style="line-height: 16.5pt;">The breed was
developed, as were most of the American breeds, in response to demand for a
general purpose (meat and eggs), yellow skinned, brown egg laying bird. These
birds quickly became a favorite of the commercial industry because of their
laying capabilities and quick growth. Rhode Island Reds were admitted to the American Poultry
Association (APA) Standard of Perfection in 1904.</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DOoBxbX-4O4/U3DXWcV7vqI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/auQEjPy8XaI/s1600/Cushion+comb.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DOoBxbX-4O4/U3DXWcV7vqI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/auQEjPy8XaI/s1600/Cushion+comb.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Silkie<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Silkie</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(sometimes alternatively spelled<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Silky</i>) is a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">breed</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">chicken</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>named for its atypically fluffy<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plumage</span></a>,
which is feels like<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">silk</span></a>. The breed has
several colors such as black skin and bones, blue earlobes,
and five toes on each foot, whereas most chickens only have four. They are
often exhibited in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>shows, and appear in various colors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">In addition to their
distinctive physical characteristics, Silkies are well known for their calm,
friendly temperament. Among the most docile of poultry, Silkies are considered
an ideal pet. Hens are also exceptionally<span class="apple-converted-space"> broody</span>,
and make good mothers. Though they are fair layers themselves, laying about
three eggs a week. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">It is origin is ancient China (hence
another occasionally encountered name for the bird,</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">Chinese silk chicken</i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">The breed was
recognized officially in North America with acceptance into the<span class="apple-converted-space"> Standard of Perfection</span>in 1874.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">In the 21st century,
Silkies are one of the most popular and ornamental breeds of
chicken. They are often kept as ornamental fowl or pet chickens by backyard
keepers.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: start;"><b>Characteristics</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Silkies are often
mistakenly called a<span class="apple-converted-space"> Bantam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>breed, and although they are
considered bantams in some countries, this varies according to region and many
breed standards class them officially as large fowl; the bantam Silkie is
actually a separate variety most of the time. Almost all North American strains
of the breed are bantam sized, but in Europe the standard-sized is the original
version. However, even standard Silkies are relatively small chickens, with the
males weighing only 1.8 kg, and females weighing 1.36 kg.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The<span class="apple-converted-space"> American Standard of Perfection</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>calls for males that are 1 kg, and females that are 910 g.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">The feathers lack
functioning</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;"> barbicels</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">,
and are thus similar to down </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">on other birds and leave Silkies
unable to fly. The overall result is a soft, fluffy appearance.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">Silkies appear in two
distinct varieties: Bearded and Non-bearded. Bearded Silkies have an extra muff
of feathers under the beak area that covers the earlobes. They also are
separated according to color. Colors of Silkie recognized for competitive
showing include Black, Blue, Buff, Grey, Partridge, and White. Alternative
hues, such as Cuckoo, Lavender, Red, and Splash also exist. The standards of
perfection call for all Silkies to have a small Walnut</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;"> Comb</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;"> dark</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;"> wattles</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">,
and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt; text-align: start;">blue earlobes. In addition to these
defining characteristics, Silkies have five toes on each foot. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt;">Silkies lay a fair
number of cream-colored eggs, but production is often interrupted due to their
extreme tendency to go</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt;"> broody</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt;">;
a hen will produce 100 eggs in a year. Silkie birds are </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16.8pt;">good mothers, as they are renowned for their calm, friendly
temperament. They do well in confinement, and interact very well with children.
This docility can cause Silkies to be bullied by more active or aggressive
birds when kept in mixed flocks</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 16.8pt;"><u>.</u></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c0lJRi5yUDs/U3DXxsWFOsI/AAAAAAAAAKg/_VL7uIfMhwA/s1600/aseel+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c0lJRi5yUDs/U3DXxsWFOsI/AAAAAAAAAKg/_VL7uIfMhwA/s1600/aseel+1.JPG" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aseel cock</td></tr>
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Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-87785431283732268302014-07-12T06:53:00.000-07:002014-08-04T00:19:35.579-07:00Pet Birds<b>Love Birds:</b><br />
Budgerigars are called Love birds and often finds a good company of aged people. They come out in many beautiful and attractive plumage colors. Usual colors are white, Yellow, Blue and combinations of these colors. They are fed with fox millet (Thinai in Tamil). Fresh millet are relished by these birds.<br />
<b>Cages:</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metal cages are more suitable for Budgies. It is
easier to clean and safer for pet. It should be preferably rectangular in shape
so that it will be have more flying space. The bottom dropping tray should be
so designed to have a pull out for daily cleaning. There should not be more
space for the pets to escape when the trays are pulled out for cleaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The metal bars on the sides can be 12 mm apart. <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The space between the bars should not be
too wide. A budgie should not be able to wiggle its head through it. It should
be no wider than 12 mm and it should not be too flexible. The bars need to be
strong enough to withstand a human hand trying to squeeze through it. </span>The
door should be large enough to put your hand in to handle, remove and replace
the birds or to place the feed in feeder and water in pails. The door has to be
closed either using a clip or a padlock to secure your birds in cages.<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Perches</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt;">Most
standard perches are made out of wood as they are slightly more rough,
will help the bird in keeping its nails shorter and provide a better grip. A perch should
also be stable and strong. If it doesn't follow a perfectly straight line, or
has smaller or thicker parts, this is better too, as it will help the budgie
train the muscles in its toes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Fixing a Mirror inside the cage will keep your budgie engaged. Some
budgies actually grow strongly addicted to their mirror to a point where it's
really unhealthy and very sad to watch. Of course, you can give your budgie a
mirror, but just keep an eye on how it reacts to it, and if it seems to only
sit in front of the mirror always take the mirror out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><b>Feed for Budgies</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt;">Budgies
are omnivores. This means they can digest both vegetables and insects. In their
natural habitat they get a varied diet of grass seeds, leafs, insects and so
on.It's up to the owner, to offer the
little bird a healthy and balanced meal. Commonly the preferred feed is Fox
millet and tender green grass, Coriander leaves. Each bird may require fox
millet of about 10 g in the morning and 10 g in the evening. Feeding them twice
a day with fox millet and once a day with greens such as coriander leaves or
green grass is often sufficient for each bird.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt;">Budgies eat<span class="apple-converted-space"> insects </span>and so
qualify as omnivores, but do not offer them raw or cooked meat or fish. They
cannot digest this. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Limit the access to the
food to set hours in the morning and evening. In the beginning, this will take
some adjusting for your budgie, but soon they'll learn to adapt and eat as much
of the food as possible.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OojPccLvZ94/U98z7lu7RyI/AAAAAAAAAOA/Fr6pL4VVJog/s1600/Budgi+Cage+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OojPccLvZ94/U98z7lu7RyI/AAAAAAAAAOA/Fr6pL4VVJog/s1600/Budgi+Cage+2.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IZhBtMkSdvw/U93CCRGAzAI/AAAAAAAAAMA/XG5wtiAlGwI/s1600/Budgies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IZhBtMkSdvw/U93CCRGAzAI/AAAAAAAAAMA/XG5wtiAlGwI/s1600/Budgies.jpg" height="142" width="320" /></a>Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-48264769861840171722013-11-13T22:50:00.000-08:002013-11-13T22:50:26.725-08:00Desi Vs Hybrid Broiler<div style="text-align: justify;">
Variety of desi chicken are being reared for meat purpose in South India. It is because of ignorance and for few old people for its taste and unique flavor. Hybrid broiler chicken with soft tender and juicy meat was developed after spending several million dollars to suit the taste of local people over the more tough fibrous desi chicken. Many orthodox consumers think that the desi chicken are reared in the backyards of the villagers households with feeding of earthworms, beetles, insects, scattered grains in the post harvested fields, kitchen left overs, vegetable waste etc. They may also have a false imagination that these type of chicken are embedded with highly packed nutrition You may find many small restaurants selling desi chicken gravy as well as dry chicken for a higher price to cheat the ignorant customers. The desi chicken that we find in the market are the ones which are grown in organised farms with feeding of concentrated mash and protected against diseases by different vaccines and antibiotics like the commercial broilers. They are incubated in hatcheries and reared under brooders and later in cages till 16 weeks of age and marketed. A small flock is retained as breeders to get eggs for incubation and take the next flock for rearing. Present day desi chicken in the market is camouflaged with multicolored plumage only with the additional character of fibrous and less juicy meat with the same nutrition as that of any commercial chicken. If the birds are really reared in backyard the the consumer should be very careful against salmonellae bacteria and food poisoning.</div>
Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-61176754285923742722013-09-02T22:43:00.001-07:002014-07-12T06:53:59.266-07:00Group of Animals<b>Group of animals called as:</b><br />
Rabbits - Warren<br />
Cattle - Herd<br />
Sheep - Flock<br />
<b>Which bird can suck water while drinking?</b><br />
Ans: Doves and Pigeons<br />
<b>Which is the least sociable primate?</b><br />
Ans: OrangutanSheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-68493551450060306762013-08-20T22:45:00.000-07:002013-08-31T19:47:00.264-07:00Stray Dogs menace<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUNU7OgX40U/UhRTYObu4_I/AAAAAAAAAHA/x75FrS9oS3g/s1600/mumbai_stray_dogs313.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUNU7OgX40U/UhRTYObu4_I/AAAAAAAAAHA/x75FrS9oS3g/s200/mumbai_stray_dogs313.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BGrwPITXhHc/UhRTawfOn6I/AAAAAAAAAHI/8imv79FxblU/s1600/Dogs+and+Children.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BGrwPITXhHc/UhRTawfOn6I/AAAAAAAAAHI/8imv79FxblU/s200/Dogs+and+Children.jpg" width="200" /></a>We are tolerating the stray dog menace on roads for quite a long time. Carrying out animal birth control program has not yielded the desired result as its continuance is cost intensive. Are we having problem with stray cattle in cities? No. Because the municipalities and corporations take precautions by impounding the stray cattle. We can effectively control this menace by not throwing the left over food in garbage and not feeding the animals on road to show off love towards animals. If they want they can take these stray dogs to their houses and feed them. In western countries similar problems are not noticed as they fear of heavy fine and cleans the road when their pets dirty them. Now controlling the stray dogs is in your hands!<br />
Corporation authorities can issue license for those who want to keep the stray dogs under their control and if we find them on roads can immediately make a complaint to the corporation authorities to impound the animal and levy heavy fine to the custodian. Streets are meant for safe use by human beings and not to be scared of stray dogs.<br />
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<br />Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-76593073722983479552013-08-12T04:57:00.000-07:002013-08-20T00:20:08.043-07:00Poultry Integration<ol>
<li><b>Broiler Integration</b></li>
</ol>
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In India the Broiler farming is under Integration mode since a decade. There are many advantages for the practicing farmers but highly disadvantage for the new entrants. The chick producer supplies the chick, feed, supports in the veterinary care and picks up the live birds and pays the price. This sort of farming needs educated persons to handle. The required institutions and the teachers are not available at the place where they want them.<br />
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Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-64856385764163609632012-12-23T23:08:00.000-08:002013-08-20T19:38:50.107-07:00What is a Tandoori chicken<b>Have you tasted Tandoori chicken? You liked its aroma or juiciness?</b><br />
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<b><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_gGzSZn7rKg/UhQoKzgtZGI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/KIjil2JEriQ/s1600/tandoori+chicken.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_gGzSZn7rKg/UhQoKzgtZGI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/KIjil2JEriQ/s320/tandoori+chicken.JPG" width="320" /></a></b></div>
Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-66122286893043411132012-12-18T18:33:00.001-08:002013-06-04T19:34:38.800-07:00Why Tandoori Chicken<b>Why Tandoori Chicken : </b><br />
<b>It is an Indian delicacy, </b><br />
<b>All age group likes it</b><br />
<b>Boneless preferred by children</b><br />
<b>Low fat content, </b><br />
<b>Spicy to suit your palate, </b><br />
<b>No adhering chicken skin and </b><br />
<b>Delicious to munch.</b>Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-62976535322330181222012-12-18T02:53:00.002-08:002012-12-18T02:53:44.261-08:00Broiler meatBroiler farms got established by 1980s in India, younger people welcomed it for its tenderness and ease of convenience to produce lot of varieties of ready to eat products.
Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-61599541830356040842011-10-14T07:37:00.000-07:002013-06-03T08:07:08.107-07:00Halal CertificationNorms for Halal Certification of Chicken Processing Plant<br />
Chicken birds should be live & healthy. Stunning (if) 20volts to 30Volts for 15sec (Voltage & Time are in inverse proportionate). This is muslim method of slaughter.<br />
Slaughterer recites, DUA ‘BISMILLAH ALLAH–O-AKBAR’ before slaughtering the bird with his own hands, making sure that the bird was alive at the instant of being slaughtered. Slaughterer needs minimum 2.5 seconds to recite the DUA. Incase of higher speed of the chain if one person does not get the sufficient time to recite the dua, more than one person can be put on the job of slitting to perform the satisfactory job, depending upon the speed of the chain. To make sure that the norms are being followed by the Processing Unit, the Jamiat Ulama has to appoint his representative(s) in the Plant. The representative of Jamiat Ulama will be responsible to implement the norms and cooperation from the unit will be mandatory.<br />
In case of more than eight hours of workings, more than one supervisor will be<br />
appointed. Working of a supervisor will be maximum eight hours. <br />
<br />Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-77536546929207383242011-10-08T00:16:00.000-07:002014-07-12T07:10:25.062-07:00Agroforestry with AquacultureUnder Indian conditions the demand for green fodder to feed our livestock is high and it is time to convert the waste lands and marshy lands for fodder cultivation to tide over the situation. Many proven models such as Agrisiliviculture, Agrisilvipasture, Hortipasture, Hortisilvipature, and Silvipasture are in vogue. Many of these systems have long incubation period for generation of income to the practicing farmers. This system along with integration of Livestock gives ready income which is yet to be followed more seriously by agriculturalist.<br />
In and around water logged ponds and lakes you may find lot of farmers rearing ducks and allowing the birds to find their feed in these water bodies. Lakes and ponds are places where fishes are reared for our consumption and also the trash fishes creeps in as weeds. These trash fishes, crabs, tadpoles, snails, weeds, are consumed by the ducks and lay eggs. Removal of these waste items from aqua farms provide a good environment for the fish culture to have healthy growth. The pond bunds can be used for growing banana, coconut, gooseberry, guava, spinach, vegetables, fodder trees which can support the farmers to meet the home needs as well as daily marketing of the produce if production is more. This model is referred as Aquaforestry with integration of domestic birds. This model if implemented will provide nutritional security and higher income for the inland fish growing farmers.<br />
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Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-56975630770613488122011-10-07T23:31:00.000-07:002013-08-20T19:46:38.240-07:00Packaging of Meat<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<br />
Fresh meat requires presence of oxygen for maintaining color for consumer appeal. It has a</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
shorter shelf life.Cured meats degrade in presence of oxygen.Market factors which influence are distribution time/shelf-life, package size and cost, pre market pricing and brand labeling need consideration. Processed products require more sophisticated and extensive packaging because they will be stored at higher temperatures for longer periods then refrigerated products. Characteristics affecting packaging requirements</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Color – The most important single factor affecting consumer acceptance.Moisture and gas – The vapor transmission rate (VTR) and Oxygen transmission rate required (OTR) are to be kept in mind.</div>
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Organoleptic characteristics must also be evaluated .Three types of packaging in general are used today i.e. over wrap, vacuum and atmospheric.<br />
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Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-41649357777305344272011-10-07T23:23:00.000-07:002013-06-03T19:29:34.586-07:00Omega fatty acidsAlso Known As: essential fatty acids (EFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Overview</span><br />
<br />
Omega-3 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids, which means that they are essential to human health but cannot be manufactured by the body. For this reason, omega-3 fatty acids must be obtained from food. This is found in fish and certain plant oils. It is important to maintain an appropriate balance of omega-3 and omega-6 (another essential fatty acid) in the diet as these two substances work together to promote health as well as normal growth and development.<br />
There are three major types of omega 3 fatty acids that are ingested in foods and used by the body: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Once eaten, the body converts ALA to EPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3 fatty acids more readily used by the body. Extensive research indicates that omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and help prevent certain chronic diseases such as heart disease and arthritis. These essential fatty acids are highly concentrated in the brain and appear to be particularly important for cognitive and behavioral function. In fact, infants who do not get enough omega-3 fatty acids from their mothers during pregnancy are at risk for developing vision and nerve problems. A healthy diet should consist of roughly one to four times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids.<br />
<br />
In addition, fish oil supplements containing EPA and DHA have been shown to reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides. Some research reports indicate that walnuts (which are rich in ALA) have been shown to lower total cholesterol and triglyceride in people with high cholesterol.Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-40093351974308031702010-06-28T06:48:00.000-07:002013-08-20T06:55:44.887-07:00Eggs and CholesterolOne of the greatest challenges to egg producers today is the adverse publicity concerning the cholesterol content of eggs. <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cholesterol in perspective</span><br />
Since cholesterol is a key component in the diet-heart controversy, let's take a closer look at this substance. Cholesterol is a complex fatty substance found in every living cell. It provides the building blocks from which the body makes its own supply of sex and adrenal hormones. Cholesterol can also be converted to vitamin D in our body and used for the calcification of bones and teeth. Our body is capable of making its own supply of cholesterol. In fact, most of the cholesterol found in our body is synthesized in the liver and intestines and only part of it comes from the food we eat. Overproduction of cholesterol may be the most important factor contributing to arteriosclerosis, a form of hardening of the arteries. Probably 90 percent of all cases of strokes and heart attacks are due to arteriosclerosis. <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Some research findings</span><br />
In the Ireland-Boston Heart Study the researchers followed 600 Irishmen between the ages of 30 and 60 who had lived in Boston for 10 or more years and their brothers who had never left the old country. The Irish brothers ate about twice as many eggs as their American brothers averaging over 14 per week. Yet, the Irish brothers had lower levels of cholesterol in their bloodstream, and their hearts were rated from 2 to 6 times healthier. More physical exercise was given as a possible reason for this difference. Dr. Robert Itchiness, a cardiologist in New York City specializing in metabolic disorders, has treated over 8,000 patients. He lowered the serum cholesterol markedly in 63 percent of his patients with a diet high in meat, milk, and eggs. Dr. Itchiness believes that 95 percent of all heart trouble is associated with high serum triglycerides and attributes this to the staggering increase in sugar consumption up from 7 pounds per person in 1840 to over 100 pounds today. Probably the most comprehensive research project in the diet-heart field was the Framingham Heart Program which began in 1948 in a community 30 miles west of Boston. Five thousand people were involved over a period of 20 years. Their diets were not changed, but what each person ate was recorded. Four risk factors associated with coronary heart disease were identified: <br />
• High blood pressure, • Excess cholesterol in the blood, • Cigarette smoking, and • Obesity<br />
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The report issued after the Framingham Study was concluded said: "There is no suggestion of any relationship between diet and the subsequent development of coronary heart disease in the study group despite a distinct elevation of serum cholesterol in those developing coronary heart disease."Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-86111170756330702402010-06-28T06:38:00.000-07:002013-05-05T05:31:42.689-07:00Storage requirements & shelf life of dried egg powdersDried egg products should be stored in a cool & dry place. They should not be stored along with other items with strong odour. Shelf life depends on temperature of storage. Long storage at high temperatures (35 deg C) causes degradation of fat. This affects some functional properties. <br />
.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Re constitution of eggs from egg powders </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Whole Egg Powder:</span> Add 3 parts of water to 1 part of powder by weight and mix to obtain uniform consistency. <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Egg Yolk Powder:</span> Add 1.1 parts of water to 1 part of powder by weight and mix to obtain uniform consistency. <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Egg Albumen Powder: </span>Add 7 parts of water to 1 part of the powder by weight and mix to obtain uniform consistency.Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-45911110406998684802010-06-14T06:56:00.000-07:002013-09-02T22:55:18.386-07:00When you eat an EggThe egg is the most complete food available in nature. It is the most widely used natural ingredient for food processing. Egg protein is of such high quality that it is used as the standard by which other proteins are compared. Eggs have a biological value (efficacy with which protein is used for growth) of 93.7%. Comparable values are 84.5% for milk, 76% for fish, and 74.3% for beef. Eggs are the best protein money can buy, and they have many other valuable vitamins and minerals too.<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Physical
composition of chicken egg (Percent)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Part<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Percent of egg<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Shell<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">10.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Shell membranes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Albumen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">58.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.45in;" valign="top" width="235"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Yolk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">31.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.45in;" valign="top" width="235"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <b>Total <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Chemical
composition of chicken egg (Percent)</span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Component<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Whole egg<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Egg contents<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Yolk<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Albumen<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Shell and its membrane<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">65.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">74.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">49.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">87.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">2.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Protein <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">12.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">13.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">16.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">10.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">4.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Lipids<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">10.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">11.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">32.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">---<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Carbohydrates <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">---<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ash, minerals or Inorganic
matter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">11.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> 0.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">93.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Major
Proteins in Chicken Egg Albumen ( Percent)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sl. No.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Name of the albumen protein<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Percent<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ovalbumin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">54.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Conalbumin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">12.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ovomucoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">11.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">G2,G3 Ovoglobulins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">8.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Lysozyme (G1-globulin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">3.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ovomucin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">3.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ovoflavoprotein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ovomacroglobulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ovoinhibitor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Avidin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.6pt;" valign="top" width="233"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Cystatin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Egg Yolk
lipid composition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sl. No.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Name of the yolk lipid<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Percent<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Triglycerides or true fat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">63.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Phospholipids<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">29.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Free cholesterol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">4.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Cholesteryl esters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Free fatty acids<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Glycolipids or
cerebrosides (Ovokerasin & Ovophrenasin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Fat soluble vitamins <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Traces<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.75in;" valign="top" width="360"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Total <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MvvWyA2uaIU/Ua6mvy5dLfI/AAAAAAAAADU/E_Aa4Ldu2bw/s1600/egg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MvvWyA2uaIU/Ua6mvy5dLfI/AAAAAAAAADU/E_Aa4Ldu2bw/s1600/egg.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fresh Egg</b><br />
<br />
When you eat a chicken egg 98% of the contents is metabolized and used for your body functions.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-47614882707481788092010-06-12T07:12:00.000-07:002012-12-18T02:58:14.448-08:00Spent hen meatPoultry industry in India is more scientific, better organized and continuously progressing towards modernization. Breeding and feeding management has improved through education, training, competition, expansion and survival instincts. The industry has witnessed several ups and downs in the last 25 years. India has 232 million layers and 2615 million broilers (FAOSTAT, 2008). Currently, it is growing at the rate of 10 percent in broilers and 6 to 7 percent in layers. This remarkable growth rate in broilers necessitates a massive thrust to market spent birds for meat purpose at the end of their production cycle. <br />Only 4.5 per cent of total birds produced in India are processed. The rest are sold live. The number of chicken processing units in the entire country is limited to single digits (the big ones being Venky’s Ltd of the VH group and Godrej Agrovet Ltd). A couple of smaller players operate in southern India.<br />The utilization of spent hens in further processing is one of the most neglected areas of the poultry processing industry. Spent hens are the by-product of egg industry. The meat from these birds is considered to be of low quality because of its age and relative toughness and therefore sold at a lower market price than broiler meat. The reasons for this decrease in textural quality are twofold. First, the average muscle fiber size increases and secondly, and more importantly, the collagen in the muscle connective tissue becomes more progressively tougher, more rigid and more resistant to heat and less easily denatured. <br />Though various methods have been documented to tenderize meat from spent hens by various workers with varying degrees of success it further adds to the cost of meat owing to the time and labor involved in the process. Further the availability of broiler meat all through the year to meet the local demand does not necessitate meat tenderization thereby diminishing the demand for spent hen meat.Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-78113876190612173902010-06-12T07:07:00.000-07:002010-06-12T07:10:02.798-07:00Ostrich<o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Calibri; mso-font-alt:"Century Gothic"; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ostrich is largest living bird found on earth and is a member of ratite family which includes Emu, Rhea, Cassowary, and Kiwi. Fossil evidence suggest that ostrich like birds were once well distributed over Africa and Eurasia extending from the Mediterranean across to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> and china (Swinton 1975), although their exact origins are not clear. The ostrich also known as the ‘camel bird’ because of its similarities with dromoderies, was named in 1758 by Linneaus as <i style=""><u>Struthio camelus</u></i> based on the greek and latin name <i style=""><u>Struthocamelus</u></i> (Bertram 1992). The preferred habitat of ostrich is short grass plains and semi desert areas. Some evidences in ancient time suggest that there was close relationship between humans and ostriches. Images of ostriches are seen in paintings and carvings in <st1:place st="on">Sahara</st1:place> dating between 5000-10000 years BC (Bertram 1992, Kreibich and Sommer 1995). Birds have been hunted for centuries by Bushmen. Empty whole eggshells have long been used as storage and drinking vessel in Africa and <st1:place st="on">Arabia</st1:place>. Eggshell fragments have been fashioned into jewellery used by Bushmen. Ostrich is referred to in bible on several occasions (Laufer 1926, Smit 1963, Bertram 1992, Kreibich and Sommer 1995)<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ostrich rearing is gaining popularity worldwide in recent times. Ostriches were fundamentally attracted for farming and production of leather, meat, oil and feather in the earlier times. For the past 10-15 years ostrich meat has become an increasingly important product and ostrich farming has increased in popularity in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">South Africa</st1:place></st1:country-region> with at least 150000 birds being slaughtered each year (Smith <i style="">et al</i> 1995). It is also considered as a replacement for the red meat in the absence of Beef and also provides alternate avian meat for the consumers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-20661277168463168662010-05-07T07:56:00.000-07:002013-08-18T20:09:04.267-07:00Disinfectants<span style="font-weight: bold;">Disinfection</span><br />
Disinfection is the act of destroying infectious agents. Disinfectants and disinfection procedures have been widely used for many years in the poultry industry. Natural disinfection agents, such as sunlight, heat, or just simply resting poultry houses, are considered to be of limited use. To sanitize is to reduce the number of bacteria present and also to prevent them from multiplying.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">How surface disinfectants work</span><br />
Most of them kill (bactericidal) but some chemically disrupt the life cycle of the bacterium (bacteriostatic). To inactivate virus, the agent must disrupt the non-nucleic acid protein coat around the nucleic acid gene material content. The content of the virus should be destroyed to make it inactive. Fungal organism is difficult to be destroyed and most fungicides only poison the fungus rather than destroy the fungal cells.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Types</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Common Chemicals u</span>sed for disinfection<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cresol and Cresylic acid</span><br />
Cresols and cresylic acid are liquid yellow or brown, coal tar derivatives. They are effective against gram positive, gram negative bacteria, most fungi and some viruses and work best in an acid medium. These are some of the other coal tar products that can be used as disinfectant, commonly called as ‘phenyl’.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Phenol</span><br />
These are also coal tar derivatives with a base of carbolic acid (C6 H5, OH). Synthetic related compounds also fall in this category; phenols have characteristic odour, turn milky in the presence of water and are effective germicides. Such disinfectants are effective against fungi, gram positive and gram negative bacteria but not effective against bacterial spores. Phenol in its pure form is colourless crystals, having a characteristic smell. It is usually used in water solutions with a dilution of 1:1000<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Iodine</span><br />
Iodine compounds are available as iodophors, which are combinations of elemental iodine and an organic soluble agent, usually a nonionic surface action agent that is soluble in water. The compound reacts only with nucleic acid of cell contents. They are disinfectants in an acid situation (pH- 2 to 4), but actively diminish in an alkaline pH and in the presence of organic material. They are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, attacking the nucleic acid of the organism. Iodophors are also effective against fungi and some viruses. Iodine has long been recognized as an effective disinfectant. To overcome many of the disadvantages of the earlier products, ‘iodophors’ have been prepared. The term ‘iodophor’ refers to a combination of iodine with a solubilizing agent that slowly liberates free iodine when diluted with water. The solution will be amber (brownish-yellow) in colour. When the solution is colourless, it is no longer effective.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chlorine</span><br />
Chlorine is an effective constituent of certain disinfectants described below:<br />
1. Powder forms: a. Calcium hypochorite combined with hydrated trisodium phosphate (less active for short duration). b. Sodium hypochlorite combined with hydrated trisodium phosphate (very active with short disinfecting life).<br />
2. Liquid forms: a. Sodium Hypochlorites b. Organic chloramines c. Chlorine dioxide<br />
Chlorine compounds are good disinfectants when free chlorine is available in abundance (200-300ppm). When elemental chlorine or hypochlorites are added to water they produce hypochlorus acid (HOCL) which produces the bactericidal action.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Quaternary ammonium</span><br />
These compounds are cationic (have positively charged ions), odourless, clear, generally non-irritating, have deodourizing and detergent action and are quite effective as surface disinfectants. The most common is alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.<br />
A solution of 500 ppm quaternary ammonia, 200 ppm EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) and sodium carbonate to adjust pH to about 8.0 (about 200 ppm) is an excellent hatchery disinfectant. It may be used on floors, walls and incubator trays. This should not be used in meat and egg processing plants. Precaution should be taken where foods are involved.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Formaldehyde</span><br />
Formaldehyde is a gas. It is sold commercially in a 40% solution with water as formalin. Formalin is a very effective disinfectant, also cheap and easily available. It is used for fumigation of poultry house, brooder, and hatchery with potassium permanganate. Formaldehyde is usually generated by adding formalin to potassium permanganate in an earthen pot, or metal container.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fumigation or fogging</span><br />
After setting up the house formaldehyde fumigation is done after closing all the sides so that the fumes are retained in the shed for a longer time. Now days the traditional method of formaldehyde fumigation has been replaced by safer chemicals either applied with fogging machines, or as a fine spray after making the house air tight. It is extremely irritating to the conjunctiva and mucous membranes, and some people are very sensitive to it.<br />
Formaldehyde (HCHO) and formaldehyde fumigation: It is a powerful disinfecting agent in 10% formalin water solution and is the most commonly used as hatchery disinfectant.<br />
Formaldehyde fumigation of incubators and fumigation chamber: Formaldehyde is commercially available as a 40% solution in water (37% by weight) known as formalin, and a powder, Para formaldehyde contains 91% formaldehyde. When either product is heated, formaldehyde gas is produced. It is a highly irritant and toxic, with a tolerance of 5 ppm in the air; inhalation should be avoided. The skin is very sensitive to formalin and there should be no direct contact. Long exposure to this gas will cause irritation to the eyes.<br />
Methods of generating formaldehyde gas<br />
The methods commonly used are:<br />
1. Potassium permanganate method<br />
2. Para formaldehyde method<br />
3. Evaporation of formalin solution<br />
Potassium permanganate method: Two parts (by volume) of formalin are mixed with approximately one part (by weight) of potassium permanganate. When the entire gas is expelled the left out powder will be brown in colour. If sufficient amount of Potassium permanganate is not used then the powder will be wet in consistency. If too much of Potassium Permanganate is added then the residue will be purple in colour. Varying concentration of formaldehyde gas is necessary to fumigate under different conditions as mentioned below:<br />
2. Normal or Single strength concentration: This is obtained by mixing 40 ml of formalin with 20g of potassium permanganate for each 2.83m3 (100 ft3) of closed space. This is also called 1 - X concentration.<br />
3. Double strength concentration: By mixing 80 ml of formalin with 40g of permanganate for each 2.83m3 (100ft3) of space. This is called 2 - X concentration.<br />
4. Other concentration: Other concentrations are 3 - X and 5 - X. The amount of formalin and permanganate to be used will depend on the size of the incubator or the chamber and the desired strength of the fumigation.<br />
The capacity of the incubator is obtained by multiplying together the internal width, height and depth of compartment to be fumigated, making no allowance for the space occupied by the eggs, the trays and all the internal fittings. The container should be made of metal and at least 50 times the volume of formalin to be used so as to prevent chemical overflowing during the reaction.<br />
Para formaldehyde method: Para formaldehyde is a white powder or pellet and is more easily handled than potassium permanganate and formalin. The powder should be placed in an electric skillet or electric pan with the thermostatic control set at 450oF (232oC); for obtaining the normal or single strength (1 - X) concentration, use 10 g of Para formaldehyde for each 2.83 m3 (100 ft3) of space. The gas will be released after 20 minutes of heating. It is advisable to add a little water to the pellet before heating, to raise the relative humidity between 60 and 80 per cent.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Evaporation of formalin solution:</span> A 40 per cent solution of formalin is often used in regulated quantities for the fumigation of hatchers during the egg pipping and hatching period. Some hatchers are fitted with a special tray or cup for this purpose or the formalin may be placed in an enamel coated or earthen container on the incubator floor. The formalin is used at the rate of 60ml per m3 of hatcher space placed in an enamel pan 24 hours after transfer of chicks. Formaldehyde gas evaporates from the formalin solution throughout the period the eggs are in the hatcher, thus reducing the micro-organism population of the hatchery environment.<br />
Temperature and humidity for maximum formaldehyde disinfection: The efficiency of the formaldehyde gas is increased in the presence of heat and moisture. It is impossible to get maximum results unless the temperature of the area to be fumigated is 24oC (75oF) or higher and the relative humidity is 75% or more.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Neutralising formaldehyde gas with ammonium hydroxide:</span> In certain cases it is necessary to stop the action of formaldehyde gas after the required period of fumigation is over. Usually this is accomplished by opening the air inlets and exhausts in the incubators or rooms but often this method is too slow. Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) may be used to expedite the process. A solution of 16 to 20 per cent ammonia should be used. Check to see how much formalin was used, then sprinkle the same amount of ammonium hydroxide on the floor of the area fumigated. In case of Para formaldehyde, use 2 ml of ammonium hydroxide for each gram of Para formaldehyde used.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Strength of formaldehyde fumigation</span><br />
Varying concentrations of formaldehyde gas are needed under different conditions and the length of the fumigation period is variable. The gas is detrimental to living embryo and to the newly hatched chicks and hence care must be exercised that the concentration of the gas and length of the fumigation period meet the requirements to kill all the pathogenic organisms possible but not lethal to the embryo or chicks. See Table below for detailed recommendations in this regard.<br />
Fumigation level per 2.83m3 (100ft3)<br />
To produce formaldehyde gas<br />
(mix together) To produce equivalent amount of formaldehyde gas<br />
Strength Formalin (ml) Potassium permanganate(g)Para formaldehyde powder (g)<br />
Single (1 - X) 40 20 10<br />
Double (2 - X) 80 40 20<br />
Triple (3 - X) 120 60 30<br />
(5 - X) 200 100 50<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Special direction for fumigation</span><br />
1. Fumigating eggs soon after laying:<br />
Fumigating with 3 - X concentration of formaldehyde for 20 minutes will kill about 97.5 to 99.5% of the organism on the shells of brown eggs and about 95.0 to 98.5% of those on white eggs, the difference probably being due to the fact that brown eggs have a thicker cuticle which absorbs more gas.<br />
Formaldehyde fumigation concentration recommendations<br />
Concentration of fumigant Fumigation duration(min.)Neutralizer amm. Hydroxide<br />
Hatching eggs immediately after lay 3 - X 20 No<br />
Eggs in incubator (1st day only) 2 - X 20 No<br />
Chicks in hatcher 1 - X 3 Yes<br />
Incubator room 1 - X, 2 - X 30 No<br />
Hatcher between hatches, Hatchery room, chick room, Wash Room and Chick boxes 3 - X 30 No<br />
Trucks 5 - X 20 Yes<br />
2. Fumigating chicks:<br />
Chicks that have been hatched should not be exposed to concentrated fumigation by rapid gas release. Formaldehyde fumigation colours the down of the chicks to deep orange and is often noticeable. Chick’s fumigation therefore should be considered on emergency measure only. (Only in case of Omphalitis outbreaks)<br />
3. Fumigating between hatches:<br />
After the chicks have been removed from the hatchers, and the trays washed, sun dried. The hatchers, trays, hatcher cabin and wash room should be fumigated with formaldehyde gas.<br />
4. Fumigating chick trucks:<br />
After thoroughly cleaning the truck, it may be fumigated in a specially constructed tent covering its whole body and chassis with 5 - X concentration.<br />
5. Egg must never be fumigated between the 24th and 96th hour after setting in the incubator, as it is the critical period of incubation of breed able eggs.<br />
Copper Sulphate<br />
Copper sulphate is toxic to fungi. A 0.5% solution is generally used for destroying fungi on feed, hoppers, utensils, water fountains, and surrounding areas associated with outbreaks of fungal disease.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chlorinated Lime (Bleaching powder)</span><br />
Chlorinated lime or bleaching powder, prepared by saturating slaked lime (i.e. lime treated with water) with chlorine gas, is one of the earliest recognized disinfectants. It has corrosive effect on metals and skin, and therefore should be used cautiously after proper cleaning of floor. A 20 percent solution is used for disinfecting floor and utensils for feed and water. However, chlorinated lime has now been largely replaced by hypochlorite. If used according to directions, hypochlorite is highly efficient. Their main use is for egg washing and sanitizing, and for disinfecting incubators, and hatcher trays, small brooders, and water and feed containers. They can also be used on cement surfaces. All surfaces to be disinfected with hypochlorite solutions must first be thoroughly cleaned to ensure the greatest efficiency.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Lime</span><br />
Lime is commonly used as a disinfectant for litter, floor, and poultry carcasses. It is mainly used in areas that are damp and cannot be exposed to the sun, as well as for disinfection of drains and sewerages. The action of lime depends on liberation of heat and oxygen when the chemical comes in contact with water. Heat destroys bacteria and parasitic eggs and even coccidia, and keeps fungi under control. It should be applied liberally using at least 4-7 kg/100 square feet. For disinfection of poultry manure, lime should be added at the rate of 90 kg / ton of manure. It also disinfects wall and crevices, if a solution containing 38 parts lime and 15 parts sodium chloride is used for washing the wall. As lime has a caustic action, birds should be kept away from it, until it has become thoroughly dry.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-38680666315572490212010-05-05T17:59:00.000-07:002013-06-03T08:37:17.193-07:00Bio Security measureFrom Poultry farms, hatcheries and egg and meat processing plants the deep litter manure, cage manure, hatchery waste and waste from and the dressing plants pose major problems to the birds and also to the birds of other farms. Hence these waste materials need careful attention for safe disposal or else it may cause more health hazards to the flock. The poultry farming and its operation has expanded and they also become a threat to themselves and their<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>neighbours.<br />
Bio Security is a defensive health plan and hygienic procedure to keep poultry farm disease free. Bio Security literally means safety of living things. It is a programme designed to prevent the exposure of birds to disease causing organisms by reducing introduction and spread of pathogens into and between the farms. Poultry must be given an environment in which disease and infection is controlled to the point where vaccination and medication achieve beneficial effects.<br />
Farm location Bio Security<br />
1. It is best to build farm in an isolated area where no poultry farm is present. If the farms are to be located nearby the new farms can be established at least 2 to 3 kilometer away from the existing farms.<br />
2. In case of breeders the farm should be away from the high ways and city connecting road ways that may be used to transport all type of poultry for marketing purpose.<br />
3. Maintain sufficient and safe distance (300 to 600 ft) between breeders, brooders, growers and layer houses and facilities such as hatcheries and feed mills.<br />
Farm Structural Bio Security<br />
1. Fencing of entire farm perimeter will be safer.<br />
2. Test water source for minerals, bacteria, chemical contamination and pathogen load before start of the farm.<br />
3. Construct a concrete stage with suitable water and power supply for sanitation of incoming vehicles.<br />
4. A suitable location is to be selected for constructing a storage room for feed ingredients and bagged feed.<br />
5. Dust free roads within the farm are to be laid for easy cleaning and to prevent spreading of microbes by vehicles and foot wear.<br />
6. Facilities for safe and scientific disposal of dead birds.<br />
7. Safe housing, with suitable guard against entry of wild birds and rodent.<br />
8. Feed, litter and equipment should be stored in a section separated from live bird area to prevent contamination.<br />
9. Fire prevention and protection methods to be established<br />
Farm Operational Bio Security<br />
1. Action plan should be developed for day-to-day activities for the farm/Feed mill/Hatchery/ and also during emergencies.<br />
2. Proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment, houses after removal of the entire stock of flock.<br />
3. In breeder farms, no visitor is to be allowed. If unavoidable the visitors may be permitted after a shower and use clean sterilized farm clothes to prevent any possible cross contamination and keep the record of the visitor’s details. Only those visitors who have not visited any other farms before their arrival may be permitted with precautions mentioned above. As far as possible avoid visitors politely.<br />
4. In case of breeders, no vehicles or equipment should be allowed within the farm area from the time of delivery of flock until its disposal.<br />
5. In commercial broiler unit, a minimum interval of two weeks is recommended between the batches of fresh chick arrivals (This is called the down time). All in and all out system of farming is recommended for efficient control of disease outbreaks.<br />
6. Use an effective integrated pest management program to control pest and rodent through biological, chemical and mechanical means after taking due precautions. Weeds and grass around the poultry sheds to avoid rodents and pests.<br />
7. Appropriate program of disease diagnosis and proper vaccination schedule should be implemented.<br />
8. Always chicks are to be obtained from a reliable known source.<br />
9. Recycling of egg trays should be decontaminated at the point of entry into the farm.<br />
10. Routine disease monitoring procedures like postmortem examination and periodic serum antibody assay to determine immune status of the flock are to be taken up periodically.<br />
11. Regular culling of unhealthy, unproductive and diseased birds to help reducing the disease organism carriers.<br />
<br />
Managemental factors in disease prevention<br />
The following managerial tips may help to reduce the spread of disease and stress to the birds.<br />
Isolation<br />
Do not rear birds of different age groups in the same house. Proper layout of houses, proper and adequate ventilation, balanced feeding, good quality potable water with clean feeders and drinkers avoid spillage of water and feed are basic essentials in disease prevention.<br />
Litter management<br />
Wet litter is a potential source of transmission especially diseases like Coccidiosis, Coryza, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis and many more. Maintain litter moisture below 20 percent always to prevent disease out breaks in the farm. Cage rearing avoids many litter based problems in poultry farms.<br />
The main principle involved in the prevention and control of current and emerging diseases is the scientific disposal of dead birds. When birds die, their carcasses remain as a source of infection for pen-mates and other birds on the farm. All carcasses should be removed from the pen as soon as possible. Mortality varies with the prevailing disease and sanitary conditions on the farm. Diseased and ill birds also discharge infectious material into the environment and act as reservoirs for disease-producing organisms. It is essential to eliminate ailing birds from the flock rather than treating them which may continue to infect the remainder of the flock. The habit of throwing dead birds on to the nearest manure pile or into an open field is dangerous and unscientific for the following reasons:<br />
• The smell of the carcasses attracts street dogs and cats, which consume the infected carcasses and harbour the pathogenic organisms infectious to poultry. These animals are capable of carrying contaminated carcass portions to neighbouring farms thus causing spread of disease.<br />
• Vultures and other wild birds invade the carcasses and become potential carriers of the disease-causing agents from one farm to another;<br />
• The carcasses lure insects and flies, which act as transmitters of infectious agents;<br />
• The disease causing agents along with portions of viscera carried by rain water contaminate all water sources and soil;<br />
• On decomposition, the carcasses may emit foul smell and cause air pollution.<br />
The disposal of carcasses of birds dying from known or unknown causes should be carefully attended to. There are many methods for the efficient disposal of carcasses such as burying, pit disposal, incineration, septic tank disposal, or composting. In general, the following points should be observed while disposing the carcasses:<br />
• Remove the dead birds from the flock as soon as possible;<br />
• Do not deposit carcasses in or near a flowing water stream;<br />
• Take necessary precautions to prevent spillage of infectious material from the carcasses during transportation from the farm or post-mortem room to the disposal site;<br />
• Take sound bio-security measures at the disposal sites to prevent disease transmission.<br />
Moreover, with the present concern for the environment, the poultry industry needs to pursue efforts to protect the environment. Therefore, all methods that allow for environmentally safe and scientific ways of disposing of carcasses should be considered. Current methods for routine disposal of carcasses include burial, incineration, composting, and rendering in India.Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-15636831569201982422010-05-02T23:09:00.000-07:002013-08-18T20:00:52.674-07:00Poultry disease control strategiesIt is necessary for having good knowledge on prevailing diseases affecting high meat and egg producing chicken and their control measures.<br />
Commonly affecting poultry diseases:<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bacterial diseases:</span><br />
E.Coli, Infectious Coryza, Chronic Respiratory Disease, Fowl Typhoid, Fowl Cholera, Bacillary White Diarrohea<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Viral diseases:</span><br />
New Castle Disease/Ranikhet Disease, Mareks disease, Infectious Bursal Disease<br />
Infectious Bronchitis, Fowl Pox, Emerging diseases like Gumboro, highly pathogenic Avian Influenza will cause serious impact on growth and economic viability of the industry.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Protozoan diseases:</span><br />
Coccidiosis<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ectoparasites:</span><br />
Lice, Mites, , fleas, Ticks<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Endoparasites:</span><br />
Round worms, Tapeworms<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Vaccination Schedule for preventing the viral diseases:</span><br />
The regular vaccination schedule for Layer and Broiler farms are as follows:<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Layer Farms:</span><br />
At Hatch Mareks Disease Vaccine at the Hatchery<br />
5-7 day of age- RDVF or Lasota through eye or nasal drops to prevent Ranikhet disease<br />
14-21 days of age -IBD Vaccine through drinking water to prevent Infectious bursal disease<br />
35- 42 days of age - Lasota through drinking water to prevent Ranikhet disease<br />
56 days of age - RDVK through S/C route to prevent Ranikhet disease<br />
16- 18th week of age - R2B Vaccine through S/C route to prevent Ranikhet disease<br />
(Before vaccination deworming of all the birds reared in deep litter system is to be done.)<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Broiler Farms:</span><br />
At Hatch - Mareks Disease Vaccine at the Hatchery<br />
5-7day of age RDVF or Lasota through eye or nasal drops to prevent Ranikhet disease<br />
14-21days of age - IBD Vaccine through drinking water to prevent Infectious Bursal disease<br />
35- 42 days of age -Lasota through drinking water to prevent Ranikhet disease if the marketing is going to be after 56 days.<br />
(Deworming has to done before vaccination. Always take the advice of the local Veterinarian or the Hatchery recommendation)<br />
<br />Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8662841129099284104.post-42112697070519989502010-05-02T19:17:00.000-07:002013-08-20T06:25:48.061-07:00IntroductionDear Readers<br />
Thank you for viewing my blog on Animal Science and Veterinary site. I appreciate your interest in Animal Science and Veterinary care. I will try to provide you maximum of free materials for genuine scientific use. It is a joint effort of a group of eminent scientists to provide you the more authenticated information. Hope you will enjoy online learning. This site is meant for scientists, students, entrepreneurs and Animal lovers.<br />
With Our Best wishes and happy reading.<br />
I am at your service<br />
Professor Sheriff<br />
<br />
http://veterinarysheriff.blogspot.com<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grey jungle fowl</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cylone Jungle Fowl</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-emz3M0B3H70/UhNpuVSFjKI/AAAAAAAAAFw/LGMizQDEpjI/s1600/Ceylone+Jungle+Fowl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="132" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-emz3M0B3H70/UhNpuVSFjKI/AAAAAAAAAFw/LGMizQDEpjI/s200/Ceylone+Jungle+Fowl.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red Jungle Fowl</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_iQ6tsniWlA/UhNp3J2sCaI/AAAAAAAAAGA/4bcVOFYJ21Q/s1600/White+Rock+Hen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_iQ6tsniWlA/UhNp3J2sCaI/AAAAAAAAAGA/4bcVOFYJ21Q/s200/White+Rock+Hen.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">White Cornish</td></tr>
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Sheriffhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17623230948095702884noreply@blogger.com1